International Conference on Power and Energy Engineering September 29-30, 2016 London, UK

Florin Iov (IEEE S ’98, M ’04, SM ’06) received the MSc degree in Electrical Engineering from Brasov University, Romania, in 1993 and a PhD degree from Galati University, Romania in 2003 with a special focus in the modeling, simulation and control of large wind turbines. He was staff member at Galati University, Romania from 1993 to 2001. He was with Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark between 2001 and 2009 where he was mainly involved in research projects regarding grid integration of wind power. From 2010 to 2012, he held a position as Power System Research Specialist in Vestas Wind Systems working with new ancillary services for augmented wind power plants. Since 2013, he is with Institute of Energy Technology focusing on research within smart grids and intelligent energy systems. His research areas cover control and application of electrical machines and power electronic converters for grid integration of renewable energy sources and, operation and control of dispersed generation in modern power systems. He is author or co-author of more than 120 journal/conference papers.

The modern society is focussing more and more on reducing CO2 emissions and increasing the use of sustainable energy technologies. The official European Union objectives are captured in the "20/20/20 plans". For Denmark, the objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 by 20% compared to 2005, to expand the use of sustainable resources to produce an amount of energy equal to 30% of the total energy consumption, and finally, to reduce the energy consumption by 4% in 2020 compared to 2006. In addition, the Danish government targets 10% of the energy consumption in the transport sector, to be produced from sustainable technologies. As part of the total objective, the Danish government aims for 50% of the electricity consumption to be produced by wind power in 2020. In comparison, in 2014, 39% of the electricity consumption was produced by wind power. In 2012, this was 30.1% which indicates that Denmark will reach this goal. In order to realise these objectives, the capacity of wind and solar power should be increased and more people should have Electric Vehicles (EVs), along with installing Heat Pumps (HPs) instead of the normal district heating. Penetration of renewable generation is already high in the distribution grids and more units are expected to be installed. Thus, new challenges for daily operation of distribution grids will arise. This paper deals with operational challenges related to this high penetration of renewable generation and smart grid devices into distribution grids. Field measurements showing reverse power flow and voltage rise due to renewable generation are shown. Voltage unbalances in low voltage grids due to asymmetrical loading as well as other power quality challenges will be shown. Mitigation techniques and possible control methods are investigated and assessed through benchmark studies.

Sebastian Gerke studied Electrical Engineering and Mechatronics. He worked for several years in the field of Novel Generator Technologies and Energy Efficient Embedded Systems. After his PhD with a topic in Material Research for Photovoltaic, he joined the Smart System Integration group of IBM Reserach in Zurich.

In 2015, participants of the ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21st Conference of the Parties’ in Paris decided to limit the rise in global temperatures by 2100 due to global warming to under 2°C. The participating countries have agreed that one of the main means to achieve this objective is to lower the global output of the greenhouse-gas CO2. In addition,

several nations have decided to make the change without using fission energy. Achieving both these goals is a big challenge for the future. Nowadays about 75% of our primary energy is wasted in unusable heat. This is primarily caused by inefficiencies in the existing energy generation and consumption. To contribute to improved efficiency of energy use we have introduced several technologies. A high concentrator photovoltaic thermal system produces electrical as well as thermal energy with a system efficiency of ~80%. Integration of MEMS based liquid cooling technology directly into the carrier of multi-junction solar cells, allows a concentration in the focus of up to 2000 suns. Therefore, a single hybrid system with a 40 m2 parabolic dish is able to generate of up to 12 kW of electrical power and 20 kW of thermal power. A similar approach of re-use of energy can be employed to improve the efficiency as well as ecological impact of electrical consumers. For instance, today more than 120 TWh of electrical energy is used to operate the data centers around the world, which constitute the backbone of our service economy. A chip integrated hot water cooling allows to redirect three-quarters of this energy. This is environmentally friendly, lowers overall operating costs and enables new business models. Both waste heat from solar systems and data centers can be used to drive adsorption heat pumps and thus convert waste heat into cooling when needed.

Qiong Cai was trained as a Materials Engineer at Tsinghua University (China), and obtained her PhD at University of Edinburgh in Chemical Engineering in 2007. She then spent five years working as a Postdoc Researcher at Imperial College London, specialised in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices including Fuel Cells, Electrolysers and Batteries. She became a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering at Surrey in September 2012 and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in April 2016. She currently holds an EPSRC grant (EP/M027066/1) on developing sodium ion battery for grid energy storage and a flexible grant from the SUPERGEN H2FC Hub on developing low cost materials for polymer membrane fuel cells. Her research groups are working at the interface of materials science and electrochemical engineering, using modelling and simulations combined with experiment for the design of materials for applications in electrochemical energy devices.

Renewable energy resources can deliver sustainable and secure supplies of energy in heating/cooling, transport and electricity generation. However, an electricity system based on intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and marine, gives rise to new challenges concerning the storage and utilization of surplus energy, system operation, and energy supply reliability. Energy storage is essential to help cope with these challenges and facilitate a faster penetration of intermittent energy resources. This presentation reports our work on two electrochemical technologies as promising grid energy storage– electrolysers and batteries. Electrolyers provide a cost-effective and energy efficient route to clean hydrogen production. The optimal control strategies when coupling electrolyser systems with intermittent renewable energies are investigated for the first time. Control strategies considered include maximizing hydrogen production, minimizing electrolyser energy consumption and minimizing compressor energy consumption. Optimal control trajectories of the operating variables over a given period of time show

feasible control for the chosen situations. The relative merits of the optimal control strategies are revealed. Sodium ion batteries (NIB) have been considered as a promising next-generation energy storage technology, because of the natural abundance, wide availability and low cost of Na resources. We have been using molecular simulations combined with experiment for designing nanoporous carbons as negative electrode materials. Molecular simulations reveal the intercalation mechanism of Na ions into the nanoporous space with the presence of organic solvent. This is then used to guide the design of the materials for best performance in NIBs, and compared with experimental results.

Fabio Matteocci received the Master’s degree in Electronic Engineering in July 2009 and completed his PhD in July 2014 from University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. Since 2014, he is working as Post-doc to develop an up-scaling process for hybrid thin film devices using perovskite and 2-D materials such as graphene and MoS2. Recently, he joined as a Researcher at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” in the Electronic Engineering Department. He has published more than 20 papers in high-impact scientific journals and has participated as Speaker to important conferences based on the renewable energy field.

Since three years, perovskite-based photovoltaic devices grew up to 22% in terms of conversion efficiency. Up scaling and stability issues are still under evaluation to validate its role as promising candidate to compete with the other thin-film photovoltaic technologies. In this work, we show the results obtained regarding the main hot-topics such as: High efficiency, up-scaling and stability. Large area (1cm2) test PSCs were fabricated by using an optimized solvent engineering approach achieving an average efficiency of 13.5% with a best efficiency of 15.4%. The scaling up from small area (0.1 cm2) to large area PSCs resulted in an efficiency loss of only 9%, with an efficiency of 17.1% for the best small area PSC. Regarding the up-scaling process, we optimized the realization procedures scaling up the process up to 100 cm2. The results show a best efficiency of 13% on 10 cm2 as active area, 12.5% on 60 cm2 and 9% on 100 cm2, respectively. The issues related to the up-scaling are also discussed by changing the perovskite deposition from spin-coating to blade-coating techniques. Furthermore, we tested the stability of high efficient mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell (PSCs) after the development of a cost-effective encapsulation technique. The main degradation factors (temperature,

humidity and light exposure) were evaluated using long-term stability tests such as: Shelf life (>1000 h, RT @ 30RH%), humidity test (>100 h, 40-50°C @ 95RH%), thermal test (>250 h, dark condition, 60°C and 85°C) and light soaking test (>200 h, MPP condition). The results show the intrinsic stability of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite structure and doped Spiro-OMeTAD. The devices maintain more than 70% of the initial efficiency after shelf life, humidity test, thermal test at 60°C and light soaking test. This shows the beneficial effect of the proposed sealing procedure. The intrinsic degradation is still present due to the instability of the active layers. To understand some degradation effects, scanning transmission electron microscope was used and elemental mapping was acquired through energy-dispersive X-ray analysis on aged cells. Finally, we report the main stability issues related to the intrinsic stability of both CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and Spiro-OmeTAD materials.

Ayse Ergun Amac received the BS degree (with honors) in Electrical Education from Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey in 1994 and the MS and the PhD degrees in Electrical Education from Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey in 1997 and 2003 respectively. From 1995 to 2003, she was a Research Assistant in Kocaeli University, Technical Education Faculty. From 2002 to 2004, she was in the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, as a Research Scholar to study on active filters. She has been with the Department of Electrical Education, Kocaeli University as an Assistant Professor from 2004 to 2013. She was in the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee as a Research Professor to study on renewable energy in 2013. Since 2013, she has been with the Department of Energy System Engineering, Kocaeli University, Technology Faculty, Kocaeli, as an Associate Professor. Her current research interests are hybrid electrical vehicles, renewable energy and switched reluctance machines.

Energy is one of the main issues for countries to sustain their existance economically and socially in our era. It is a well known fact that the petroleum, one of the primary energy sources, is located in specific regions. In that respect, it is seen that the most important reason of the complex political circumstances in the world is to reach energy resources. Fast increase of world population and technologic developments cause ascending energy needs. Resources are limited and there is nothing human can do about it. Therefore, the countries, which want to have a place in the world, should produce their energy policies. Their goals should be to obtain not only uninterruptible, reliable, clean, and cost-effective energy, but also create variety of resources and models of energy safety that count geopolitical facts. Consequently, optimizing resources, protecting the environment and ergo planning are vital issues while processing the energy. In this presentation, various information and data about the subject are compiled and energy appearances of the world, European Union and Turkey are introduced grafically and statistically. Moreover, the efforts of Turkey’s being energy corridor between Asia-Europe are mentioned in the report. Building reliable and sustainable relations between countries, exterminating the energy source problem and using it as a tool for peace are main goals of Turkey with this project. In order to make this principle in reality, Turkey needs to the sincere support of the European countries and also developing countries. Turkey would like to serve as a bridge to provide global energy security.

Berrin Kursun had her PhD at The Ohio State University in 2013. Her PhD studies focused on sustainable energy systems design composed of localized and centralized technology options. For that, she worked in collaboration with a local NGO (Development Alternatives) and, the team performed the multi-dimensional analysis of different energy technologies to meet the energy demand of Rampura Village in Uttar Pradesh state of India sustainably. She works at Marmara University, Chemical Engineering department since 2014 and at Marmara University International Sustainability Center since 2015. She continues her studies in the areas of sustainable energy systems design, techno-ecological synergy, holistic management with a Turkish NGO and sustainability on campus.

Sustainability is a hot topic in the face of the environmental problems we expose today. And, renewable energy is proposed to be the cure to energy related environmental and sustainability focused problems such as the energy poverty in rural areas. However, multi-dimensional analysis of emerging renewable energy technologies and calculation of their real cost to the nature is crucial. In design of a truly sustainable energy system, but not a version with reduced impacts, being the resource renewable only may not be enough. Complementary analyses (such as joint use of emergy analysis and life cycle assessment) which take into account the knowledge of local people and local carrying capacity of the region where the energy system is to be implemented will not shift the problems outside the inappropriate analysis boundary. One other aspect to consider is the size of the renewable energy technology. An oversize hydroelectric power plant can damage the river and surrounding ecosystem severely. Or, conventional solar PVs which are anticipated as 100% renewable have renewability of around 2% because of the f non-renewable resources utilized in production and mounting of solar panels. Hence, renewable energy technologies perceived as sustainable options in meeting energy needs may not be sustainable as expected and they should be analysed holistically with systems thinking prior to mass adoption. Based on its importance, this talk attempts to discuss sustainable energy systems design based on renewable energy sources from multiple perspectives.

Emad M Masoud has completed his PhD from Benha University, Egypt and Post-doctoral studies from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Tuebingen University, Germany. He has published more than 10 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member and Reviewer in international journals.

Nano technology and energy is the most important subject of today’s society because this field has an important economic side for all countries all over the world and researchers throughout the world are putting a lot of effort into how to make energy as environmental friendly as possible. How well this is done depends on more than one factor, such as structure of the system that will produce energy. Battery, especially rechargeable battery, can store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and deliver it with high conversion efficiency, is the most optimal form of energy storage and playing an irreplaceable role in the world wide industry. The lithium ion battery can be considered to be a container holding a large amount of energy, and a number of studies have attempted to enhance the energy density of the lithium ion battery. However, at the same time, the remarkable advantages of the lithium ion battery can be a practical problem. If a device can contain higher energy, there is a higher risk of fire explosion. Therefore, safety is a key issue for future applications of the lithium ion battery such as large-scale batteries for electric vehicles and load leveling devices. In order to overcome this problem, the development of all solid state batteries using a solid electrolyte will be a good approach. Polymer nano composites electrolytes, new electrolytic materials competing for a place in the future energy generation, storage and distribution markets. Polymer electrolytes offer many advantages over their more conventional liquid counterparts in these developing technologies, such as: Adequate conductivity for practical purposes, flexibility, easy of processing into thin films of a large surface area, good mechanical stability, chemical electrochemical stability and volumetric stability through charging and discharging processes.